Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Description
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which stomach acid sometimes backs up into the esophagus, the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach. This can cause heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest, and a sour or acidic taste in the mouth, especially after meals or when lying down. People with GERD may also have coughing, hoarseness, or trouble swallowing. It happens when the valve between the esophagus and stomach doesn’t close well or when the stomach makes acid more than normal. If you have frequent or severe symptoms, or trouble swallowing, please talk with a qualified healthcare professional for a personalized evaluation and advice.
Common Symptoms
Heartburn or burning sensation in the chest
Regurgitation of sour liquid or undigested food into the mouth
Chest pain or discomfort after meals or when lying down
Difficulty swallowing or a feeling that food is stuck in the throat
Chronic cough or frequent throat clearing
Hoarseness or sore throat
Sensation of a lump in the throat (globus sensation)
Nausea
Dental erosion or increased tooth sensitivity (in some people)
If you have concerns about GERD symptoms, please consult a qualified healthcare professional.
Causes
- Weak or relaxed lower esophageal sphincter (LES) or transient LES relaxations, which allow stomach contents to flow back up.
- Hiatal hernia, where part of the stomach pushes into the chest.
- Obesity and pregnancy, which increase abdominal pressure and promote reflux.
- Certain foods and drinks (e.g., fatty/fried foods, chocolate, peppermint, caffeine, alcohol) and large, late meals or smoking.
- Delayed stomach emptying or age-related changes in esophageal motility.
If you have symptoms, consult a qualified healthcare professional for evaluation and guidance.
Treatment Options
GERD is typically managed through a mix of lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes procedures, tailored by a clinician.
Lifestyle changes commonly include weight management if needed, elevating the head of the bed, avoiding late meals, and limiting trigger foods like fatty or spicy items, caffeine, alcohol, and smoking.
Medications can include antacids, acid reducers, and acid-suppressing drugs such as H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors, with the choice depending on symptoms and healing goals.
For some people, procedures such as endoscopic therapies or surgical options like fundoplication may be considered when medications are not enough or there are complications.
Always consult a qualified healthcare professional to determine the best plan and monitor safety and effectiveness.